IOS XE 15.5
IOS XR 5.3
The topology for this demo:
In this post we will be taking a look at H-VPLS. We've taken a look at VPLS in previous posts, however, H-VPLS is scalability enhancement to VPLS as you may know it. With traditional VPLS, all PEs that wish to exchange customer data must join the bridge domain used to propagate the L2 traffic. Much in the same way that traditional iBGP works, if no route reflection is used, all iBGP speakers must connect to all other iBGP speakers. H-VPLS works in much the same manner. We have to introduce some new terms and their functions before we tackle the config.
U-PE - User Provider Edge: This is the PE that participates in forwarding with the customer equipment, this could be a switch or a router. The router forms PW peerings with the MPLS core of N-PEs and is the entry point of customer data into the SP network. The UPE can connect to 1 or multiple NPEs for redundancy. In this post we will focus on 1 UPE connecting to 1 NPE for easing into this topic, I'll do another post focusing on redundancy and failover options.
N-PE - Network Provider Edge: This is the PE that participates in MPLS SP core forwarding and forms PW peerings with the UPEs. Think of the NPE as loosely analogous to the BGP route reflector, it does more than host the control plane and sits in the data plane. It enables the "hierarchy" that makes H-VPLS possible. As previously stated, traditional VPLS PEs form a "full mesh" of peering with other PEs. In H-VPLS, UPEs only form PW peerings with NPEs. NPEs form a full mesh of PW peerings with other NPEs. That's where the "loosely" part comes into play, it reduces the UPE full mesh requirement, beyond that, no real savings.
Let's take the above topology, we'll focus on 2 different parts, R4, R5 and R2 will be the "NPEs", XR5 and XR6 are Provider core routers, and R1, R3, R6 and XR3 will be the "UPEs". The NPEs will form a full mesh of peerings and terminate the "SP Access". SP Access relates to the part of the SP network that customers connect to, the SP core is the part where no customers connect. So the NPEs are the SP core and the UPEs are the SP access. As stated in previous posts, XRv doesn't support the L2 VPN data plane, we'll just get the control plane up and running. *NOTE* XRv doesn't appear to support the NPE feature.
Since the UPEs are configured with the "xconnect" context and the NPEs are configured with the "vfi" contexts, the deployment is slightly different. The UPE pretty much acts like a intermediary device between the customer and the NPE router. Since we'll be dealing with 2 PWs, we'll configure the redundancy on the UPEs as we go.
UPE to NPE peerings
R3 to R2 and R4
R6 to R5 and R4
R1 to R2 and R5
XR3 to R2 and R5
NPE Configuration
R4
template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
sequencing both
control-word include
signaling protocol ldp
!
interface pseudowire34105
description UPE_TO_R3
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.3 34105
signaling protocol ldp
interface pseudowire42105
description NPE_TO_R2
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.2 42105
signaling protocol ldp
interface pseudowire45105
description NPE_TO_R5
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.5 45105
signaling protocol ldp
interface pseudowire46105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.6 46105
signaling protocol ldp
!
l2vpn vfi context H_VPLS
vpn id 105
member pseudowire42105
member pseudowire45105
!
bridge-domain 150
member vfi H_VPLS
member pseudowire46105
member pseudowire34105
R5
template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
sequencing both
control-word include
signaling protocol ldp
!
interface pseudowire15105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.1 15105
signaling protocol ldp
interface pseudowire45105
description NPE_TO_R4
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.4 45105
signaling protocol ldp
interface pseudowire52105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.2 52105
signaling protocol ldp
interface pseudowire53105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.13 53105
signaling protocol ldp
interface pseudowire56105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.6 56105
!
l2vpn vfi context H_VPLS
vpn id 105
member pseudowire52105
member pseudowire45105
!
bridge-domain 150
member vfi H_VPLS
member pseudowire53105
member pseudowire15105
member pseudowire56105
R2
template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
sequencing both
control-word include
signaling protocol ldp
!
interface pseudowire12105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.1 12105
signaling protocol ldp
interface pseudowire23105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.13 23105
signaling protocol ldp
interface pseudowire32105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.3 32105
signaling protocol ldp
interface pseudowire42105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.4 42105
signaling protocol ldp
interface pseudowire52105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.5 52105
!
l2vpn vfi context H_VPLS
vpn id 150
member pseudowire52105
member pseudowire42105
!
bridge-domain 150
member vfi H_VPLS
member pseudowire32105
member pseudowire23105
member pseudowire12105
UPE Configuration
R3
template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
sequencing both
control-word include
signaling protocol ldp
!
interface pseudowire32105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.2 32105
signaling protocol ldp
interface pseudowire34105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.4 34105
!
l2vpn xconnect context H_VPLS
member pseudowire34105 group HVPLS_RED priority 5
member pseudowire32105 group HVPLS_RED priority 10
member GigabitEthernet2 service-instance 150
R6
template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
sequencing both
control-word include
signaling protocol ldp
!
interface pseudowire46105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.4 46105
signaling protocol ldp
interface pseudowire56105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.5 56105
signaling protocol ldp
!
l2vpn xconnect context HVPLS
member GigabitEthernet2 service-instance 150
member pseudowire56105 group HVPLS_RED priority 5
member pseudowire46105 group HVPLS_RED priority 10
R1
template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
sequencing both
control-word include
signaling protocol ldp
!
interface pseudowire12105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.2 12105
signaling protocol ldp
interface pseudowire15105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.5 15105
signaling protocol ldp
!
l2vpn xconnect context H_VPLS
member GigabitEthernet2 service-instance 150
member pseudowire12105 group HVPLS_RED priority 5
member pseudowire15105 group HVPLS_RED priority 10
XR3
l2vpn
xconnect group H_VPLS
p2p H_VPLS
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0/1
neighbor ipv4 192.168.1.2 pw-id 23105
backup neighbor 192.168.1.5 pw-id 53105
Let's verify the NPE core from R4s perspective.
R4#sh l2vpn atom vc | in H
pw42105 192.168.1.2 42105 vfi H_VPLS UP
pw34105 192.168.1.3 34105 vfi H_VPLS UP
pw45105 192.168.1.5 45105 vfi H_VPLS UP
pw46105 192.168.1.6 46105 vfi H_VPLS STANDBY
We can see that the connections between the NPEs and UPEs are up and running.
R4#sh l2vpn service vfi name H_VPLS
Legend: St=State XC St=State in the L2VPN Service Prio=Priority
UP=Up DN=Down AD=Admin Down IA=Inactive
SB=Standby HS=Hot Standby RV=Recovering NH=No Hardware
m=manually selected
Interface Group Encapsulation Prio St XC St
--------- ----- ------------- ---- -- -----
VPLS name: H_VPLS, State: UP
pw100001 H_VPLS(VFI) 0 UP UP
pw46105 core_pw 192.168.1.6:46105(MPLS) 0 SB SB
pw42105 core_pw 192.168.1.2:42105(MPLS) 0 UP UP
pw34105 core_pw 192.168.1.3:34105(MPLS) 0 UP UP
pw45105 core_pw 192.168.1.5:45105(MPLS) 0 UP UP
This output is just a bit more detailed than the last, it give us more specific status to the "VFI" than just the up or down status of the xconnect.
R4#sh bridge-domain
Bridge-domain 150 (4 ports in all)
State: UP Mac learning: Enabled
Aging-Timer: 300 second(s)
vfi H_VPLS neighbor 192.168.1.5 45105
vfi H_VPLS neighbor 192.168.1.2 42105
vfi H_VPLS neighbor 192.168.1.3 34105
vfi H_VPLS neighbor 192.168.1.6 46105
AED MAC address Policy Tag Age Pseudoport
0 000C.2994.B818 forward dynamic 299 H_VPLS.1004010
1 FFFF.FFFF.FFFF flood static 0 OLIST_PTR:0xe7fa6c00
0 000C.2990.89E9 forward dynamic 297 H_VPLS.1004014
0 000C.29BA.0E21 forward dynamic 296 H_VPLS.1004013
By consulting the bridge domain, we can see that we are learning 3 MACs from the different PWs we have configured, more importantly the learning is being done from both NPE and UPE devices.
R4#sh l2vpn vfi name H_VPLS
Legend: RT=Route-target, S=Split-horizon, Y=Yes, N=No
VFI name: H_VPLS, state: up, type: multipoint, signaling: LDP
VPN ID: 105
Bridge-Domain 150 attachment circuits:
Pseudo-port interface: pseudowire100001
Interface Peer Address VC ID S
pseudowire46105 192.168.1.6 46105 N
pseudowire42105 192.168.1.2 42105 Y
pseudowire34105 192.168.1.3 34105 N
pseudowire45105 192.168.1.5 45105 Y
We can see that the NPE pseudowires, R2 and R5 have split horizon enabled, where the connections down to the UPEs do not have split horizon enabled. This is intentional, we don't want to send info we learn from NPEs back out to those same NPEs. This is the core, so we use those connections to receive data and forward it out to the UPEs. As information is propagated from the SP access into the SP core, LDP is used to figure out where to send the data. If split horizon wasn't enabled between NPEs then data would flood uncontrolled in the core, just like a switch would just send the data everywhere.
Let's verify R3 and then XR3 since we have both IOS and XR in the access layer.
R3
R3#sh l2vpn atom vc | in H
pw32105 192.168.1.2 32105 p2p H_VPLS STANDBY
pw34105 192.168.1.4 34105 p2p H_VPLS UP
R3#sh xconnect all
Legend: XC ST=Xconnect State S1=Segment1 State S2=Segment2 State
UP=Up DN=Down AD=Admin Down IA=Inactive
SB=Standby HS=Hot Standby RV=Recovering NH=No Hardware
XC ST Segment 1 S1 Segment 2 S2
------+---------------------------------+--+---------------------------------+--
UP pri mpls 192.168.1.4:34105 UP ac Gi2:150(Eth VLAN) UP
IA pri mpls 192.168.1.2:32105 SB ac Gi2:150(Eth VLAN) SB
Since both R3 and XR3 are configured with xconnect l2vpn, there isn't much to verify other than the PWs being up.
XR3
RP/0/0/CPU0:XR3#sh l2vpn xconnect
Thu Dec 22 02:48:03.848 UTC
Legend: ST = State, UP = Up, DN = Down, AD = Admin Down, UR = Unresolved,
SB = Standby, SR = Standby Ready, (PP) = Partially Programmed
XConnect Segment 1 Segment 2
Group Name ST Description ST Description ST
------------------------ ----------------------------- -----------------------------
H_VPLS H_VPLS UP Gi0/0/0/1 UP 192.168.1.2 23105 UP
Backup
192.168.1.5 53105 SB
RP/0/0/CPU0:XR3#sh l2vpn atom-db
Thu Dec 22 02:48:24.976 UTC
Peer ID Source VC ID Encap SIG FEC AD
_______________________________________________________________________________
192.168.1.2 192.168.1.13 23105 MPLS LDP 128 none
192.168.1.5 192.168.1.13 53105 MPLS LDP 128 none
RP/0/0/CPU0:XR3#sh l2vpn database ac
Thu Dec 22 02:49:39.751 UTC
GigabitEthernet0/0/0/1:
Other-Segment MTU: 0
Other-Segment status flags: 0x3
Signaled capability valid: Yes
Signaled capability flags: 0x20
Configured capability flags: 0x0
XCID: 0x1
PSN Type: MPLS Dynamic
ETH data:
Xconnect tags: 0
Vlan rewrite tag: 0
AC defn:
ac-ifname: GigabitEthernet0_0_0_1
capabilities: 0x0000707f
extra-capabilities: 0x00000000
parent-ifh: 0x00000000
ac-type: 0x04
interworking: 0x00
AC info:
seg-status-flags: 0x00000003
segment mtu/l2-mtu: 1500/1514
Lets verify the CE side
R7
router eigrp 1
network 0.0.0.0
!
interface GigabitEthernet1.150
encapsulation dot1Q 150
ip address 192.168.150.7 255.255.255.0
!
R7#sh ip eigrp nei
EIGRP-IPv4 Neighbors for AS(1)
H Address Interface Hold Uptime SRTT RTO Q Seq
(sec) (ms) Cnt Num
7 192.168.150.13 Gi1.150 14 01:34:18 378 2268 0 422
6 192.168.150.10 Gi1.150 11 01:37:56 128 768 0 386
All is well.
l2vpn vfi context H_VPLS
vpn id 105
member pseudowire42105
member pseudowire45105
!
bridge-domain 150
member vfi H_VPLS
member pseudowire46105
member pseudowire34105
R5
template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
sequencing both
control-word include
signaling protocol ldp
!
interface pseudowire15105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.1 15105
signaling protocol ldp
interface pseudowire45105
description NPE_TO_R4
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.4 45105
signaling protocol ldp
interface pseudowire52105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.2 52105
signaling protocol ldp
interface pseudowire53105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.13 53105
signaling protocol ldp
interface pseudowire56105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.6 56105
!
l2vpn vfi context H_VPLS
vpn id 105
member pseudowire52105
member pseudowire45105
!
bridge-domain 150
member vfi H_VPLS
member pseudowire53105
member pseudowire15105
member pseudowire56105
R2
template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
sequencing both
control-word include
signaling protocol ldp
!
interface pseudowire12105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.1 12105
signaling protocol ldp
interface pseudowire23105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.13 23105
signaling protocol ldp
interface pseudowire32105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.3 32105
signaling protocol ldp
interface pseudowire42105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.4 42105
signaling protocol ldp
interface pseudowire52105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.5 52105
!
l2vpn vfi context H_VPLS
vpn id 150
member pseudowire52105
member pseudowire42105
!
bridge-domain 150
member vfi H_VPLS
member pseudowire32105
member pseudowire23105
member pseudowire12105
UPE Configuration
R3
template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
sequencing both
control-word include
signaling protocol ldp
!
interface pseudowire32105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.2 32105
signaling protocol ldp
interface pseudowire34105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.4 34105
!
l2vpn xconnect context H_VPLS
member pseudowire34105 group HVPLS_RED priority 5
member pseudowire32105 group HVPLS_RED priority 10
member GigabitEthernet2 service-instance 150
R6
template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
sequencing both
control-word include
signaling protocol ldp
!
interface pseudowire46105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.4 46105
signaling protocol ldp
interface pseudowire56105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.5 56105
signaling protocol ldp
!
l2vpn xconnect context HVPLS
member GigabitEthernet2 service-instance 150
member pseudowire56105 group HVPLS_RED priority 5
member pseudowire46105 group HVPLS_RED priority 10
R1
template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
sequencing both
control-word include
signaling protocol ldp
!
interface pseudowire12105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.2 12105
signaling protocol ldp
interface pseudowire15105
source template type pseudowire HVPLS
encapsulation mpls
neighbor 192.168.1.5 15105
signaling protocol ldp
!
l2vpn xconnect context H_VPLS
member GigabitEthernet2 service-instance 150
member pseudowire12105 group HVPLS_RED priority 5
member pseudowire15105 group HVPLS_RED priority 10
XR3
l2vpn
xconnect group H_VPLS
p2p H_VPLS
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0/1
neighbor ipv4 192.168.1.2 pw-id 23105
backup neighbor 192.168.1.5 pw-id 53105
Let's verify the NPE core from R4s perspective.
R4#sh l2vpn atom vc | in H
pw42105 192.168.1.2 42105 vfi H_VPLS UP
pw34105 192.168.1.3 34105 vfi H_VPLS UP
pw45105 192.168.1.5 45105 vfi H_VPLS UP
pw46105 192.168.1.6 46105 vfi H_VPLS STANDBY
We can see that the connections between the NPEs and UPEs are up and running.
R4#sh l2vpn service vfi name H_VPLS
Legend: St=State XC St=State in the L2VPN Service Prio=Priority
UP=Up DN=Down AD=Admin Down IA=Inactive
SB=Standby HS=Hot Standby RV=Recovering NH=No Hardware
m=manually selected
Interface Group Encapsulation Prio St XC St
--------- ----- ------------- ---- -- -----
VPLS name: H_VPLS, State: UP
pw100001 H_VPLS(VFI) 0 UP UP
pw46105 core_pw 192.168.1.6:46105(MPLS) 0 SB SB
pw42105 core_pw 192.168.1.2:42105(MPLS) 0 UP UP
pw34105 core_pw 192.168.1.3:34105(MPLS) 0 UP UP
pw45105 core_pw 192.168.1.5:45105(MPLS) 0 UP UP
This output is just a bit more detailed than the last, it give us more specific status to the "VFI" than just the up or down status of the xconnect.
R4#sh bridge-domain
Bridge-domain 150 (4 ports in all)
State: UP Mac learning: Enabled
Aging-Timer: 300 second(s)
vfi H_VPLS neighbor 192.168.1.5 45105
vfi H_VPLS neighbor 192.168.1.2 42105
vfi H_VPLS neighbor 192.168.1.3 34105
vfi H_VPLS neighbor 192.168.1.6 46105
AED MAC address Policy Tag Age Pseudoport
0 000C.2994.B818 forward dynamic 299 H_VPLS.1004010
1 FFFF.FFFF.FFFF flood static 0 OLIST_PTR:0xe7fa6c00
0 000C.2990.89E9 forward dynamic 297 H_VPLS.1004014
0 000C.29BA.0E21 forward dynamic 296 H_VPLS.1004013
By consulting the bridge domain, we can see that we are learning 3 MACs from the different PWs we have configured, more importantly the learning is being done from both NPE and UPE devices.
R4#sh l2vpn vfi name H_VPLS
Legend: RT=Route-target, S=Split-horizon, Y=Yes, N=No
VFI name: H_VPLS, state: up, type: multipoint, signaling: LDP
VPN ID: 105
Bridge-Domain 150 attachment circuits:
Pseudo-port interface: pseudowire100001
Interface Peer Address VC ID S
pseudowire46105 192.168.1.6 46105 N
pseudowire42105 192.168.1.2 42105 Y
pseudowire34105 192.168.1.3 34105 N
pseudowire45105 192.168.1.5 45105 Y
We can see that the NPE pseudowires, R2 and R5 have split horizon enabled, where the connections down to the UPEs do not have split horizon enabled. This is intentional, we don't want to send info we learn from NPEs back out to those same NPEs. This is the core, so we use those connections to receive data and forward it out to the UPEs. As information is propagated from the SP access into the SP core, LDP is used to figure out where to send the data. If split horizon wasn't enabled between NPEs then data would flood uncontrolled in the core, just like a switch would just send the data everywhere.
Let's verify R3 and then XR3 since we have both IOS and XR in the access layer.
R3
R3#sh l2vpn atom vc | in H
pw32105 192.168.1.2 32105 p2p H_VPLS STANDBY
pw34105 192.168.1.4 34105 p2p H_VPLS UP
R3#sh xconnect all
Legend: XC ST=Xconnect State S1=Segment1 State S2=Segment2 State
UP=Up DN=Down AD=Admin Down IA=Inactive
SB=Standby HS=Hot Standby RV=Recovering NH=No Hardware
XC ST Segment 1 S1 Segment 2 S2
------+---------------------------------+--+---------------------------------+--
UP pri mpls 192.168.1.4:34105 UP ac Gi2:150(Eth VLAN) UP
IA pri mpls 192.168.1.2:32105 SB ac Gi2:150(Eth VLAN) SB
Since both R3 and XR3 are configured with xconnect l2vpn, there isn't much to verify other than the PWs being up.
XR3
RP/0/0/CPU0:XR3#sh l2vpn xconnect
Thu Dec 22 02:48:03.848 UTC
Legend: ST = State, UP = Up, DN = Down, AD = Admin Down, UR = Unresolved,
SB = Standby, SR = Standby Ready, (PP) = Partially Programmed
XConnect Segment 1 Segment 2
Group Name ST Description ST Description ST
------------------------ ----------------------------- -----------------------------
H_VPLS H_VPLS UP Gi0/0/0/1 UP 192.168.1.2 23105 UP
Backup
192.168.1.5 53105 SB
RP/0/0/CPU0:XR3#sh l2vpn atom-db
Thu Dec 22 02:48:24.976 UTC
Peer ID Source VC ID Encap SIG FEC AD
_______________________________________________________________________________
192.168.1.2 192.168.1.13 23105 MPLS LDP 128 none
192.168.1.5 192.168.1.13 53105 MPLS LDP 128 none
RP/0/0/CPU0:XR3#sh l2vpn database ac
Thu Dec 22 02:49:39.751 UTC
GigabitEthernet0/0/0/1:
Other-Segment MTU: 0
Other-Segment status flags: 0x3
Signaled capability valid: Yes
Signaled capability flags: 0x20
Configured capability flags: 0x0
XCID: 0x1
PSN Type: MPLS Dynamic
ETH data:
Xconnect tags: 0
Vlan rewrite tag: 0
AC defn:
ac-ifname: GigabitEthernet0_0_0_1
capabilities: 0x0000707f
extra-capabilities: 0x00000000
parent-ifh: 0x00000000
ac-type: 0x04
interworking: 0x00
AC info:
seg-status-flags: 0x00000003
segment mtu/l2-mtu: 1500/1514
Lets verify the CE side
R7
router eigrp 1
network 0.0.0.0
!
interface GigabitEthernet1.150
encapsulation dot1Q 150
ip address 192.168.150.7 255.255.255.0
!
R7#sh ip eigrp nei
EIGRP-IPv4 Neighbors for AS(1)
H Address Interface Hold Uptime SRTT RTO Q Seq
(sec) (ms) Cnt Num
7 192.168.150.13 Gi1.150 14 01:34:18 378 2268 0 422
6 192.168.150.10 Gi1.150 11 01:37:56 128 768 0 386
All is well.
Thanks for stopping by!
Rob Riker, CCIE #50693
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